The Fifth Desk · Evaluation

Act I · The Map

Film · Feature film, a Viking revenge saga told inside its own cosmology, divided by titled chapter cards · 2022 · the island kingdom of Hrafnsey, the land of the Rus, a farm in Iceland and a volcano at the Gates of Hel

The Northman

Robert Eggers · a film · 2022 · about 137 minutes · written by Robert Eggers and Sjón, from the Amleth legend in Saxo Grammaticus’s Gesta Danorum

The Plate · the film as one line running from left to right: under it at the start a chamber in the earth where a tree hangs with small figures; above it a hall with flames, then a crossing of waves, then a long level stretch ticked evenly night after night, then a low mound with a sword set upright in it; three small marks repeat above the line at intervals; at the right the line climbs a cone to its crater rim and stops, and from the rim a dotted line rises to the top of the frame

Mode

Revenge epic on a studio scale, made as historical literalism: ritual, magic and atrocity shown without irony or a modern frame

Mythos

The Amleth of Saxo, the source behind Hamlet, played inside its own world: the Norns, the tree of kings, the seeress, the undead in the barrow, the raven, the Valkyrie; the oath, the prophecy and the hero who chooses fate over love

Phase

A prologue on Hrafnsey, then the grown man among berserkers raiding the Rus, the voyage to Iceland as a slave, the long stay on Fjölnir’s farm, and the duel at the Gates of Hel, with a Valkyrie’s ride at the end

Presentation

Feature film, about 137 minutes, in colour, as released in 2022; Jarin Blaschke’s photography in long choreographed takes, Louise Ford’s editing, music by Robin Carolan and Sebastian Gainsborough

Register

Cold natural daylight and firelight by night; dread and grandeur, with a grotesque comedy in the rite under the earth; dialogue in a stiff archaic English

Scale

A royal family and its feud, a kingship lost to Harald’s conquest of Norway, slavery and labour on a farm, a raid, and the sacred taken as fact, drawn at the scale of a saga’s few households

Governing Proposition

A prince who sees his father murdered by his uncle swears to avenge the father, save the mother and kill the uncle, and the film follows the oath across a raid in the land of the Rus, a voyage as a slave to Iceland and a long stay on the murderer’s farm, to a duel on a volcano and a Valkyrie’s ride. Its wager is to put a studio epic wholly inside the worldview of its period, with magic as the world’s physics and the hero as one of the killers; its finding is that the story the oath stands on is a lie, and that the man goes on anyway, choosing the fate the myth gave him over the life he is offered.

The Oath and the Lie

7.6 / 10
Tier III · Major

Act II · The Essay

Movement I

The Tree of Kings

The film begins on the island kingdom of Hrafnsey, with a boy and a father coming home. King Aurvandill, played by Ethan Hawke, returns from war, and takes his son Amleth under the earth for an initiation before Heimir the Fool, played by Willem Dafoe. Father and son go on all fours and bark as dogs, and break wind, and the Fool shows the boy the tree of kings, its branches hung with men. The rite is grotesque and comic and sacred at once, and the film plays it without a wink. It is the most distant thing in the film from the Valkyrie’s silent ride at its end, and the same law governs both: the world is as the people in it believe it to be.

Then the murder. The boy’s uncle Fjölnir, played by Claes Bang, kills the king, and the boy flees by sea. As he goes he swears the oath that drives the whole film, spoken as a chant and repeated at its turns: to avenge the father, save the mother and kill Fjölnir. Its first words are “I will avenge you”. The prologue plants nearly everything the film will pay: the oath, the Fool, the tree of kings, and the son’s course as the heir of a murdered king. The plants are paid with unusual completeness.

Robert Eggers directed the film and wrote it with Sjón, from the legend of Amleth as Saxo Grammaticus told it in the Gesta Danorum, the source behind Hamlet. Jarin Blaschke photographed it, Louise Ford edited it, and the music is by Robin Carolan and Sebastian Gainsborough. Focus Features released it in the spring of 2022; it runs about 137 minutes, in colour, and is divided by titled chapter cards. The film takes Saxo’s story back before its Elizabethan interiority and plays it inside its own cosmology, and its first sequence states the terms: no modern psychology, no frame that would make the rite a dream, and a son whose course is set before he can choose it.

Movement II

The Land of the Rus

The boy is grown. Amleth, played by Alexander Skarsgård, runs with berserkers who raid in the land of the Rus, and the film shows him first at a wolf-howling rite by firelight, then at work. The raid on a Rus village is held in long continuous takes: fighters, captives, fire and camera move through a whole settlement without a visible cut, and men are herded into a hall that is set alight. The hero is one of the killers. The film neither excuses this nor frames it from outside; it shows the raid as atrocity and the man as its instrument, and lets the audience stand in the same space as the violence, denied the cut that would grant a modern distance.

This is the film’s turn from what it inherited. The epic of swords and vengeance, from the Viking films of the 1950s to Gladiator and Braveheart, gave its hero a cause and an audience’s sympathy; Eggers’s own art-horror, in The Witch and The Lighthouse, gave him a method of historical literalism at a small scale. The film joins the two: a studio-scale action film wholly inside the worldview of its period, with ritual and magic presented without irony and dialogue written to sound archaic. The stake was real, a large budget given to the director of two small films for a revenge story that refuses a sympathetic hero.

A seeress, played by Björk, speaks a prophecy to Amleth: of a maiden-king, and of a sword that can be drawn only at night or at the Gates of Hel. The film fulfils it point by point. The prophecy binds the course the oath set, and from here the story is a pattern being completed rather than a plot being discovered. That is the strength of the film’s myth and its limit together: the archetype is the world’s physics, load-bearing from the first scene to the last, and it is a received pattern restated with great fidelity more than a new figure made from the particular man who carries it.

Movement III

Fjölnir’s Farm

Fjölnir, driven out of Norway by Harald’s conquest, lives in exile on a farm in Iceland, and Amleth goes there as a slave, shipped among the captives. Olga of the Birch Forest, played by Anya Taylor-Joy, becomes his ally. The farm is the film’s longest stretch: turf halls, sheep pens, labour and slavery given at length, with the halls, dress and work exact and lived in. Fjölnir is no longer a king but a farmer in exile, and his household is the household Amleth swore to destroy.

In a barrow Amleth fights the undead keeper of a sword, half in darkness, and takes the blade the Seeress named; a raven guides him. The supernatural is shown as the characters know it and set in the same frame and light as the farm, so that the barrow and its dead have the same reality as the sheep pens. The visions are given the same plain daylight or firelight as the work, and the music of drones, throat-singing and percussion never rises to a heroic theme. The form refuses the distance from which a modern audience could call any of it belief.

Here the film slackens. A knattleikr game, the nightly killings Amleth stages one after another on the farm, and Olga’s herbal trickery extend a stretch whose turns are known before they come, and the killings are staged with less invention than the prologue and the raid. The dialogue, in a stiff archaic English, often lands as recitation, and Olga is underwritten, so that Taylor-Joy must supply what the script withholds. This is the part of the film’s length that is permitted rather than compelled, and it is a chief reason the work stands in Tier III and not above it.

Movement IV

Gudrún

Queen Gudrún, played by Nicole Kidman, is the mother Amleth swore to save, and in one scene with her son she tells him the story he has not heard: that she was taken as a slave, that his father’s house was a rape, and that she asked for the murder. Kidman carries the scene from mourning queen to a woman laughing at her son’s story, and it is the film’s best acting. With it the oath of the whole film becomes the inheritance of a lie.

This is the film’s finding, and it can be stated: a revenge ethic lives on a story told about the past, and the story is false or partial. Amleth goes on anyway. Olga offers him another life, and he turns back to finish what the oath began, choosing the fate the myth gave him over the life he is offered. Read as the archetype’s grip on a man who has been told the truth, the choice is a real disclosure about honour cultures and about the stories men need, and the place where the particular bites back on the myth.

It is given mostly through this one reversal, and the film does not carry it through. The reversal is staged as dialogue and performance rather than through any change in the film’s own means; the form, fixed early, goes on as before. Gudrún’s truth is both credible and self-serving, and the film leaves open what it thinks of her. It brings in a judgment from outside the myth, that the hero’s cause is a lie, and then returns to the myth’s terms for its climax without resolving the two. Whether that seam is irony or a split is the question the film leaves most open.

Movement V

The Gates of Hel

The last duel is fought at the Gates of Hel, on a volcano, the place the Seeress named for the sword. Amleth and Fjölnir fight naked at the rim, two bodies in black ash and lava light, staged as image more than fight, and the prophecy closes. Then a Valkyrie bears Amleth up through a red sky toward Valhalla, in silence. The apotheosis is the one the epic always delivered, and the film stages it in earnest; whether it endorses the heroic ending or shows the triumph of a story over a man, it does not say. The digital images of the visions and the volcano are less sure than the practical work around them.

The film did poorly in theatres against its cost, won a strong critical reception, and has gained a following on home release; it holds a visible place in a wider turn toward Norse and medieval subjects on screen. Its intrinsic force is real and local: it showed that a director’s method of historical literalism could be carried to studio scale, and that a large action film could be made from inside a premodern worldview without translation. It did not reorganise what film can do. Four and a half years show little of its survival, and its reach beyond them is forecast. The axes of reach, survival and return are where the work is held below 7.5, and with the disclosure given in one scene they keep it in Tier III, short of the 8.0 at which Tier IV begins.

Its neighbours make the measure plain. Mad Max: Fury Road, at 8.4, is the nearest large-budget action film made as an auteur’s world, and its form, reach and craft are of a higher order; Throne of Blood, at 8.3, and Ran, at 8.5, remake a source of Shakespeare’s inside a premodern warrior culture and lead on every axis. The Lewis Chessmen, at 7.6, made in the same northern world, stands level, the film’s height and myth against the chessmen’s survival and finish. Above it on the same matter stand The Nibelungenlied at 8.6, Njáls saga at 8.8 and Hamlet at 9.5, the descendant of the same Amleth. What the film has made is a myth built to be lived in, rising often and made with command, and a lie at its centre that the hero hears and walks past.

Act III · The Twelve

1The Inevitable (Ananke)

The revenge plot is narrow and drawn tight, and the prologue plants what the film pays: the oath, the Fool and the tree of kings, the berserker’s wolf rite that makes Amleth what he becomes. The Seeress’s prophecy, the maiden-king and the sword drawn only at night or at the Gates of Hel, is fulfilled point by point, and the sword from the barrow is the instrument of the last scene. What gives under the subtractive test is the middle third on Fjölnir’s farm: the knattleikr game, the nightly killings and Olga’s herbal trickery extend a stretch whose turns are known before they come. The axis sits at its cap and not above it.

Score: 7.6 / 10

2The Unconcealment (Aletheia)

The disclosure can be stated: a revenge ethic lives on a story told about the past, and the story is false or partial. Gudrún’s scene with her son turns the oath into the inheritance of a lie: she was taken as a slave, his father’s house was a rape, and she asked for the murder. Amleth goes on anyway, choosing the fate the myth gave him over the life Olga offers, a real disclosure about honour cultures and the stories men need. What holds it below the gate: it comes mostly through one reversal, and much of the rest discloses a world more than a meaning.

Score: 7.4 / 10

3The Sublime (Hypsos)

The film rises often and in both registers. The dreadful: the raid on the Rus village in long continuous takes, men herded into a burning hall; the berserkers’ wolf-howling rite by firelight; the barrow fight with the undead keeper of the sword. The grand: the initiation under the earth, father and son barking as dogs before the Fool and the tree of kings with its fruit of men; the Valkyrie bearing Amleth toward Valhalla. The summit is the naked duel at the volcano’s rim, two bodies in black ash and lava light. The height belongs to the world more than to the man, and that holds the axis at 8.0.

Score: 8.0 / 10

4The Archetypal Deep (Mythos)

Myth built, not evoked. The film takes the Amleth of Saxo, the source behind Hamlet, back before its Elizabethan interiority and plays it inside its own cosmology: the Norns, the tree of kings, the Valkyrie, the seeress, the undead in the barrow, the raven that guides. The supernatural is never framed as dream or delusion, so the archetype is the world’s physics, and the structure bears weight: the oath sets the course, the prophecy binds it, the choice of fate over love completes it. What holds it below the gate is literalness: a received pattern restated more than deepened, worn by the particular more than earned.

Score: 8.1 / 10

5The Swerve (Parekklisis)

The inheritance is the epic of swords and vengeance, from the Viking films of the 1950s to Gladiator and Braveheart, and on the other side Eggers’s own art-horror in The Witch and The Lighthouse. The turn is to put a studio-scale action film wholly into the worldview of its period: no modern psychology for the hero, ritual and magic without irony, archaic dialogue, raids shown as atrocities committed by the protagonist. The stake was real: a large budget given to the director of two small films, for a story that refuses a sympathetic hero. But the departure stays within the genre’s spine, a novelty of texture and fidelity more than of form.

Score: 7.6 / 10

6The Living Form (Entelecheia)

Change the form and the film loses what it knows: a world in which fate is objective. Long, unhurried takes keep the camera in the same space as the violence and refuse the cut that would grant a modern distance; visions are set in the same frame and light as the farm, so the Valkyrie has the reality of the sheep pens; the music is drones, throat-singing and percussion, not heroic themes. With modern psychology and ordinary coverage it would be a thriller about a traumatised man. Held below 8.0: the form is fixed early and applied evenly, and Gudrún’s reversal is carried by performance, not by the film’s own means.

Score: 7.9 / 10

7The Bottomless Well (Apeiron)

Four and a half years of evidence, so mostly forecast. The open questions are real: whether the film celebrates or exposes the code it depicts; whether Amleth’s last choice is tragedy, heroism or the triumph of a story over a man; what it thinks of Gudrún, whose truth is credible and self-serving at once; how its relation to Hamlet and the Gesta changes each. Its material detail, in dress, ritual, objects and songs, rewards return. What holds the axis: the returns are often to texture and research, the central reversal does less once known, and sustained re-examination is not yet shown.

Score: 7.3 / 10

8Pressure on Tradition (Agon)

The field is the cinema of the 2020s. The intrinsic force is real and limited: the film showed that a director of small art-horror films could carry historical literalism to studio scale, and that a large action film could be made from inside a premodern worldview without translation. It does not reorganise what film can do, and its means are Eggers’s own, developed in his earlier films. Achieved reach is scored with intrinsic force: a theatrical failure against its cost; a strong critical reception and a following grown on home release; a place in a wider turn toward Norse and medieval subjects on screen. Reach beyond that is forecast, and holds the axis below 7.0.

Score: 6.9 / 10

9The Imperishable (Aphtharsia)

Survival is weighed on form, presence and fabric. The form is whole: the film as released survives intact, a recent digital production, with no altered version replacing it. Presence over four and a half years is continuous through streaming, home video and a devoted audience, though modest against its cost in theatres. The surface is not tied to a topical moment, and the period design was built to resist dating; if anything dates it, it will be the digital compositing of the visions and the volcano. What holds the axis is elapsed time: under five years demonstrates little survival, and the figure stands at 7.3.

Score: 7.3 / 10

10The Made (Techne)

The making is ambitious and largely commanded. Jarin Blaschke’s photography is built on long, choreographed takes, the raid above all, in which fighters, captives, fire and camera move through a whole settlement without a visible cut; the light is cold by day, fire by night. Halls, turf farms and dress are exact and lived in. Alexander Skarsgård makes Amleth a body more than a voice, and Nicole Kidman’s confession scene is the film’s best acting. The costs weigh: the stiff archaic dialogue often lands as recitation; Olga is underwritten; the digital visions and volcano are less sure than the practical work; the middle third’s killings show less invention.

Score: 8.1 / 10

11The Inner Law (Cosmos)

Take the two most distant elements: the Fool’s absurd rite under the earth, Willem Dafoe and Ethan Hawke howling as dogs and breaking wind, and the Valkyrie’s silent ride through a red sky. One law governs both: the world is as the people in it believe it to be, and the film never steps outside that belief to judge it. The same law holds raid, farm, barrow and volcano, from grotesque comedy to epic and horror. What holds the axis below 8.0 is the one strain: Gudrún’s reversal brings a judgment from outside the myth, and the climax returns to the myth’s terms without resolving the two, a seam that may be irony or a split.

Score: 7.9 / 10

12The Encompassed (Megethos)

Judged on what a film of about 137 minutes holds. The family drives the plot: father, mother, uncle, half-brothers, the unborn twins. Kingship and succession, with Harald’s conquest of Norway making Fjölnir an exile. Labour and slavery, at length, on the slave ship and the farm. War, as the raid. The sacred, in seeress, rite, sacrifice and afterlife, presented as fact. The natural order, in sea, ice, birch forest and volcano. Consciousness is thinnest: Amleth is held from outside by design, and Olga and Gudrún get less inwardness than their parts require. The orders are joined, the sacred governing the family and the family the politics, at the scale of a few households.

Score: 7.6 / 10

Act IV · The Reckoning

7.6 / 10 · Final Average

Placement: Tier III · Major

Strongest Dimensions

The Archetypal Deep and The Made at 8.1, then The Sublime at 8.0. Myth built rather than evoked, the Amleth of Saxo played inside its own cosmology with the supernatural as the world’s physics and the oath and the prophecy bearing the structure; a making in long choreographed takes, exact halls and dress, and a confession scene that is the film’s best acting; and a height reached often, in the burning hall, the rite under the earth, the duel at the volcano’s rim and the Valkyrie’s ride.

Limiting Dimension

Pressure on Tradition at 6.9: a real but local force, a director’s method carried to studio scale, with a reach four and a half years can barely show. Above it, The Imperishable at 7.3, a film whole and continuously present but too young to demonstrate survival, and The Bottomless Well at 7.3, open questions real but returns often to texture, the central reversal doing less once known. Then The Unconcealment at 7.4, a true disclosure given mostly through one scene and not carried through.

The Necessity Cap clears at 7.6 against a threshold of 7.5, by a tenth. The Coherence Floor clears: The Living Form at 7.9, The Made at 8.1, The Inner Law at 7.9, each against 7.0. The Epochal Gate is unmet on all five: The Archetypal Deep at 8.1, The Swerve at 7.6, The Unconcealment at 7.4, The Imperishable at 7.3 and Pressure on Tradition at 6.9 each fall short of the bar of 8.5. The Universal Minimum is unmet at Pressure on Tradition, 6.9, The Imperishable, 7.3, The Bottomless Well, 7.3, and The Unconcealment, 7.4, all below 7.5; The Encompassed, which it exempts, clears its own floor of 6.0 at 7.6. Three of the five summit conditions are met. The work stands where its aggregate places it: 7.6, from a sum of 91.7, in the band of Tier III, short of the 8.0 at which Tier IV begins and of the 9.0 that the summit requires.

Basis · a reading from knowledge of The Northman as released in 2022, the theatrical version of about 137 minutes, from the prologue on Hrafnsey to the Valkyrie’s ride: directed by Robert Eggers from a screenplay by Eggers and Sjón, after the Amleth legend in Saxo Grammaticus’s Gesta Danorum; photographed by Jarin Blaschke, edited by Louise Ford, with music by Robin Carolan and Sebastian Gainsborough; released by Focus Features; with Alexander Skarsgård, Nicole Kidman, Claes Bang, Anya Taylor-Joy, Ethan Hawke, Willem Dafoe and Björk. No print, script or subtitle file was consulted. Only the opening words of the oath are held to the word and quoted; other speech is described. Box office bears on presence only. Details that could not be verified, among them the production company and budget, the languages other than English spoken in the ritual and raid scenes, the number and titles of the chapter cards, shot counts, other versions of the film, and accounts of how it was made, are not given.